Gerund related common errors for competitive exams

Non-Finite
Gerund	Participle		Infinite
V₁+ing	Two fast parallel actions.	Present Participle+V₁+ing	to+V₁
	Action Completed.	Past Participle-> V₃
	Two slow action	Perfect Participle->
	one after another.	Having+V₃
		After+V₁+ing

1.Gerund

जब वाक्य में subject न हो तो verb से subject का काम करवाना हो तब वह Gerund कहलाता है और जो मुक्य क्रिया के अन्त में ing लगाता है साथ ही यह वाक्य में “न” का सेंस देता है I

जैसे-  

धुम्रपान करना स्वास्थय के लिये हाँनिकारक है I

Smoking is injurious to health.

क्रिकेट खेलना वहाँ मना है I

Playing cricket is not allowed there.

टेहलना स्वास्थय के लिये लाभकारी है I

Walking is beneficial for health.

2.Gerund as an object. (Gerund का वस्तु के रूप में उपयोग)

जैसे-

My mother is fond of hording money.

hording → चुरा-छिपा कर इक्ट्ठा करना I

hording → यहाँ एक object है I

3.Possessive case Related to Gerund

जैसे-

My father not like me buying goggles. (x)

My father not like my buying goggles. (√)

My picture does not like him coming later. (x)

My picture does not like his coming later. (√)

अर्थात Gerund के पहले हमेशा Possessive case लगता है, न कि objective case.

Note- Possessive case के Chart के लिये यहाँ click करें I

4.यह याद रखें की Gerund और Infinitive समान ही होते हैं, जिसका उपयोग Noun में किया जाता है, और जिनके लिए हमेशा “ing” रूप ही लगता है I

 (“Delay/Accused to /Confident of /After / Stop /Start / For”) + V₁ + ing.

जैसे-

He stopped to write.(x)

He stopped writing. (√)

He contributed a lot of time for building hospital. (√)

lot of time – uncountable है I

5.Infinitive as subject.

जैसे-

To smoke is injurious to health. (√)

To err is human. (√)

Note- err – to make a mistake.

To respect our teacher is our duty. (√)

6.Infinitive as object.

जैसे-

He denied to do this work. (denied के साथ हमेशा to लगता है)

I want to solve this question. (want का wanting नही होता)

7.वे सब शब्द जिसमें Infinitive रूप व्यवहार होता है i.e. (to+V₁)

Appear,happened,refused,ask,attempt,seem,decided,try,desire,forget,remember,think,consider,agree,learn,introduce,want,require,know,ordered,promise,beg,encourage,compel,invite,advise,command,forbid. etc.

जैसे-

He refuse to obey me. (√)

It seems to me that ram is coming. (√)

8.वह शब्द जिनका व्यवहार प्रायः Infinitive के रूप में होता है, लेकिन वह इसका आवश्यक हिस्सा नही होता इन निश्चित क्रियाओं के बाद Need,Dare,Let,Forbid,Make,See,Hear,etc. तो इनके साथ to का प्रयोग नही होत I
जैसे-

Let me to go. (x)

Let me go. (√)

I forbade him to go there. (x)

I forbade him go there. (√)

You had better to go there. (x)

You had better go there. (√)

You had rather to play than work. (x)

You had rather play than work. (√)

I would rather to play than sleep. (x)

I would rather play than sleep. (√)

I do not know to teach. (x)

I do not know how to teach? (√)

9.He helped me solve / to solve / in solving this question.

→ He helped to solve / in solving this question. (√)

याद रखें कि to + V₁ एंव in+ing का नियम

to के साथ V₁ लगता है और in के साथ ing लगता है, इसलिये यहाँ to solve / in solving दोनो ही सही है केवल पहले वाले को छोड्कर I

10. [ Do + Anything / Nothing / Everything + but / except + to + V₁ + ]

(i)It is quite boring because we do nothing but sitting ideal. (x)

It is quite boring because we do nothing but sit ideal. (√)

(ii)I hope you will excuse me/my leaving early. ?

I hope you will excuse my leaving early. (√)

Note- As object in middle में हो तो “of” लगेगा ही I

+ of + V₁ + ing

As subject in starting.

Gerund (V₁ + ing)

Infinite (to + V₁)

Participle.

1.Present participle में V₁ + ing लगता है और जिसका वाक्य में अर्थ (कर / हुए ) होता है

जैसे-

(i)She came to me smiling. वह मुस्कुराते हुए मेरे पास आयी I

(ii)Seeing the snake,she fainted. सांप देखकर वह बेहोश हो गयी I

(iii)Hearing the noise, the baby woke up. (fast action दोनों ही) I

Note- यह gerund नही है क्योंकि इसमें “न” वाला वाक्य या सेंस नही आ रहा I

2.Past participle अर्थात (action completed हो) एंव ( V₃) लगता है I

(i)She is a frustrated girl.

(ii)The Dr. examined the fractured bone.

fractured→ Noun.

(iii)We served the wounded soldiers.

served→ Finite verb.

wounded→ Non-Finite verb.

soldiers→ Noun.

(iv)His father is a retired teacher.

is→ Finite verb. (Tense का असर पड रहा है )

retired→ Non-Finite verb. (Tense का असर नही पड रहा है )

3.Perfect Participle-( Slow action )→ having.

(i)Having take milk,I slept.(x)

Having taken milk I slept. (√)

        OR

After taking milk I slept. (√)

(ii)Having beaten by his friends,the boy started crying.(x)

अपने दोस्तों से मार खाकर वही लडका रोने लगा I

यहाँ by लगा है और जब by दिया हो तो been लगाना बेहद जरूरी होता है I

Having been beaten by his friends,the boy started crying. (√)

4.Miss related participle

(i)Being a nice,sunny day,we decided to go, on a picnic. (x)

It being a nice, sunny day,we decided to go, on a picnic. (√)

Note- Being के पहले It लगता है I

5.Subject verb agreement

नियम 1

(i)A black and a white cow is / are running.

जब दो अर्टीकल्स हो तो प्रुरल होगा अर्थात are होगा I

(ii)A black and white cow is are running.

जब एक अर्टीकल हो तो सिंगुलर होगा अर्थात is होगा I

(iii)The principle and the manager was / were missing.

जब दो अर्टीकल्स हो तो दो व्यक्तियों के बारे में बोला गया है इस्लिए were होगा I

(iv)My father and teacher is / are absent.

My एक adjective है इस्लिए is होगा I

(v)Ram and Shyam is / are playing.

दो व्यक्ति हैं इस्लिए are होगा I

(vi)Children like / likes chocolate.

Children खुद एक बहुवचन है इस्लिए like होगा I

नियम 2

जब दो वस्तुओं (object) को एकसाथ “either-or” आदि से जोडा जाता है तब सहायक क्रिया का उपयोग दुसरे subject के साथ होता है I

जैसे-

Neither Ram nor his parents is / missing.

पहला subject→  Ram

दुसरा subject→ his parents जो कि बहुवचन है इसलिए are लगेगा I

(i)Neither Ram is hardworking nor intelligent. (x)

Ram is neither hardworking nor intelligent. (√)

क्योंकि subject→ (Ram) एक ही है I

(ii)Many a / Many an + Singular noun + Singular verb.

Many a boys have tried their best to solve this question. (x

Many a boy has tried his best to solve this question. (√)

(iii)Many an oranges were rotten. (x)

Many an orange was rotten. (√)

नियम 3

“Many / a good many / a great many” का प्रयोग अनिश्चित संख्या दिखाने के लिए much अर्थात अति के रूप में होता है, इन्हे बहुवचन (plural) माना जाता है अतः plural verb का प्रयोग होता है I

(i)Many is present in the class. (x)

There are 2000 boys in this college but a good many is very laborious. (x)

There are 2000 boys in this college but a good many are very laborious. (√)